Start with what you need treated.

Endovascular coiling treats brain aneurysms, weakened, bulging areas in a blood vessel wall that carry risk of rupture and life-threatening bleeding, without the need for open surgery. A catheter is guided from an artery in the groin up through the blood vessels to the site of the aneurysm, where soft platinum coils are carefully deployed to fill the aneurysm sac, promoting clotting that blocks blood flow into it and reduces the risk of rupture. The procedure is performed under general anesthesia using specialized imaging guidance, typically taking two to four hours depending on the aneurysm's size and complexity. Patients are closely monitored in a neurological intensive care unit for the first day or two after the procedure. Recovery from this minimally invasive approach is generally faster than traditional open surgical clipping of an aneurysm, with less risk to surrounding brain tissue. Regular follow-up imaging is needed over subsequent years to ensure the aneurysm remains adequately blocked and does not require further treatment.

Epilepsy treatment typically begins with antiseizure medication, carefully selected and dosed based on the specific type of seizures and individual patient factors, with the goal of achieving complete seizure control while minimizing side effects. For the roughly one-third of patients whose seizures remain poorly controlled despite trying multiple medications, further evaluation for epilepsy surgery may be recommended, which can involve a period of inpatient video-EEG monitoring to precisely identify the area of the brain where seizures originate. If a specific seizure focus is identified and surgery is deemed appropriate, procedures can range from removing the affected brain tissue to less invasive options like responsive neurostimulation or vagus nerve stimulation devices for patients not suitable for resective surgery. Dietary therapies, such as the ketogenic diet, may also be considered, particularly in children with certain difficult-to-control epilepsy syndromes. Regular follow-up with a neurologist monitors seizure frequency, medication levels, and side effects to optimize the treatment plan over time. With appropriate, individualized treatment, the majority of patients with epilepsy achieve good seizure control and are able to lead full, active lives.

Gamma Knife radiosurgery treats brain tumors and arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) by precisely focusing approximately 200 individual beams of radiation from different angles onto the target, delivering a high dose exactly where needed while minimizing exposure to surrounding healthy brain tissue, all without any surgical incision. Before treatment, a lightweight frame is fitted to the patient's head under local anesthesia to ensure absolute precision during the procedure, and detailed imaging is used to plan the exact treatment area. The treatment itself is delivered in a single outpatient session, typically lasting one to four hours depending on the size and number of targets being treated. Patients experience little to no discomfort during treatment and can generally go home the same day, resuming normal activities within a day or two. For AVMs, the effect of treatment develops gradually, with the abnormal blood vessels progressively closing off over one to three years, monitored with follow-up imaging. For tumors, effects on growth are typically monitored over subsequent months with periodic MRI scans, with many patients experiencing tumor shrinkage or stabilization following treatment.

Meningioma treatment is determined by the tumor's size, location, growth rate, and whether it is causing symptoms, since many meningiomas are slow-growing and benign, sometimes allowing for a strategy of careful monitoring with periodic imaging rather than immediate intervention, particularly for small, asymptomatic tumors found incidentally. When treatment is needed, due to tumor growth, significant symptoms, or a concerning location, surgical removal is often the primary treatment, aiming for complete removal when it can be done safely without significant risk to surrounding brain structures. For tumors in difficult-to-access locations, or when complete surgical removal is not possible or too risky, radiation therapy, including precise techniques like Gamma Knife radiosurgery, can effectively control tumor growth. Surgical treatment is performed under general anesthesia, with recovery time varying based on tumor location and the extent of surgery required. Regular follow-up imaging continues for years after treatment to monitor for any tumor regrowth, since a small proportion of meningiomas can recur even after apparently complete removal. Most patients with meningioma, particularly when caught and treated appropriately, have excellent long-term outcomes.

Ventriculoperitoneal (VP) shunting treats hydrocephalus, a condition where excess cerebrospinal fluid accumulates within the brain's ventricles, causing increased pressure that can damage brain tissue if left untreated. The surgeon places one end of a thin, flexible tube (catheter) into a ventricle within the brain, with the tube then tunneled beneath the skin down to the abdominal cavity, where the excess fluid is safely drained and absorbed by the body. A valve mechanism within the shunt system regulates the amount of fluid drainage to maintain appropriate pressure levels within the brain. The procedure is performed under general anesthesia and typically takes one to two hours. Patients are monitored after surgery for proper shunt function and any signs of infection or blockage, which are potential complications requiring prompt attention if they occur. Most patients experience significant improvement in symptoms related to increased brain pressure, such as headaches, and the shunt typically remains in place long-term, sometimes requiring revision surgery if it malfunctions over the years.

Gastric bypass surgery, most commonly the Roux-en-Y technique, creates a small pouch from the upper stomach and connects it directly to a lower portion of the small intestine, bypassing most of the stomach and the first section of the small intestine. This restricts the amount of food that can be eaten at one time and reduces calorie and nutrient absorption, leading to substantial weight loss. The procedure is performed laparoscopically under general anesthesia and typically takes two to three hours. Patients follow a staged diet progression from liquids to solid foods over several weeks after surgery, along with lifelong vitamin and mineral supplementation due to reduced nutrient absorption. Most patients achieve significant weight loss along with notable improvement or remission of conditions such as type 2 diabetes, high blood pressure, and sleep apnea. Regular follow-up with the bariatric team supports long-term success and monitors for nutritional deficiencies.

Gastric sleeve surgery, or sleeve gastrectomy, permanently removes a large portion of the stomach, leaving behind a narrow, banana-shaped tube that significantly restricts the amount of food that can be consumed at one time and reduces levels of the hunger hormone ghrelin. Unlike gastric bypass, the intestines are not rerouted, making this a somewhat simpler procedure while still achieving substantial weight loss results. The surgery is performed laparoscopically under general anesthesia and typically takes one to two hours. Patients follow a gradual diet progression from liquids to soft foods and eventually regular solid foods over several weeks. Most patients experience significant, sustained weight loss along with improvement in obesity-related health conditions. Regular follow-up with the bariatric care team, along with lifelong vitamin supplementation, supports optimal long-term outcomes.

Gastric banding places an inflatable silicone band around the upper part of the stomach, creating a small pouch above the band that limits the amount of food that can be eaten at once, with the degree of restriction adjustable by injecting or removing saline from the band through a port placed under the skin. This procedure is less invasive than gastric bypass or sleeve gastrectomy since it does not involve cutting or removing any part of the stomach or intestines, and is fully reversible if needed. The surgery is performed laparoscopically under general anesthesia and typically takes 30 to 60 minutes. Patients require periodic follow-up visits for band adjustments to optimize the balance between weight loss and comfortable eating. Weight loss with banding tends to be more gradual and generally somewhat less than with other bariatric procedures, requiring strong commitment to dietary and lifestyle changes for best results. Regular follow-up helps monitor for potential band-related complications over the years.

Fat injection for breast enhancement harvests fat from another area of the patient's body, such as the abdomen or thighs, using gentle liposuction, which is then purified and carefully injected into the breasts in small amounts to add natural volume and improve contour. This technique offers a more subtle enhancement compared to implants, along with the added benefit of contouring the donor site, and avoids any foreign material being placed in the body. The combined procedure typically takes two to three hours under general or local anesthesia with sedation. Because some of the transferred fat is naturally reabsorbed by the body over time, results stabilize after a few months, with approximately 60 to 80 percent of transferred fat typically surviving long-term. Patients may need more than one session to achieve their desired volume increase. Recovery is generally quick, with most patients returning to normal activities within a week, wearing a supportive bra during initial healing.

Fat injection for buttock enhancement, commonly known as a Brazilian Butt Lift, uses liposuction to harvest fat from areas such as the abdomen, waist, or thighs, which is purified and then carefully injected in multiple layers into the buttocks to create natural, proportionate volume and shape. This dual-benefit procedure both enhances buttock contour and slims the donor areas simultaneously. The combined procedure is performed under general anesthesia and typically takes two to four hours. Patients must avoid direct pressure on the buttocks for about two weeks following surgery, using special cushions when sitting to protect the newly transferred fat cells and maximize their survival. Compression garments support healing at the liposuction donor sites during recovery. Since a portion of the transferred fat is naturally reabsorbed, final results become apparent after three to six months, with the majority of successfully transferred fat cells providing long-lasting volume.

Fat injection for facial rejuvenation harvests a small amount of fat from an area such as the abdomen or thighs using gentle liposuction, which is purified and then carefully injected into areas of the face that have lost volume due to aging, such as the cheeks, temples, or under-eye hollows, to restore a fuller, more youthful contour. Unlike synthetic dermal fillers, fat transfer uses the body's own natural tissue, and because the fat that survives becomes a permanent part of the tissue, results tend to be longer lasting. The procedure typically takes one to two hours under local anesthesia with sedation. Some swelling and bruising at both the injection sites and the fat harvesting area are expected for one to two weeks. Since a portion of transferred fat is naturally reabsorbed over the following months, results are often assessed at three to six months, with some patients opting for a second session to fine-tune the outcome. Long-lasting, natural results are a key advantage of this technique.

Liposuction surgery removes stubborn fat deposits from specific body areas that have not responded to diet and exercise, using a thin cannula connected to a suction device to break up and remove fat cells through small incisions. Various techniques, including tumescent, ultrasound-assisted, or laser-assisted liposuction, may be used depending on the treatment area and surgeon preference, all aimed at achieving smooth, natural-looking contour improvement. The procedure can be performed under local anesthesia with sedation for smaller areas or general anesthesia for more extensive treatment, typically taking one to three hours depending on the number of areas treated. Patients wear a compression garment for several weeks after surgery to support healing, reduce swelling, and help the skin adapt to its new contour. Most patients return to normal activities within a few days to a week, with more strenuous exercise resumed after two to three weeks. Final results become apparent as swelling resolves over one to three months, with results considered long-lasting provided a stable weight is maintained.